However, determining the precise beginning and ending to any ‘period’ is often arbitrary, since it has changed over time over the course of history. Also starts, with Zhenghe shutting things down in China opening the way for the Europeans to move into the Indian Ocean (as well as Columbus et al in 1492). The rest is surplus value — the capitalist's profit, which Marx calls the "unpaid labour of the working class." These are often marked by the widespread use of both The theory identifies the following stages of history:Marx pays special attention to this stage in human development. Sometimes it worked out well (i.e. He’s held 3 all-time world records in powerlifting in the 220 and 242 classes.Strength and Physique Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Master ListClick to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)As you’ll see, the story of periodization isn’t quite as pristine and straightforward as it’s often presented, and as always, context is important.Periodization is, at its core, a means of top-down, long-term planning and organization.The mythos in the West is that periodization (and other “Soviet secrets”) explain why the USSR dominated the Olympics through the Cold War era.The problem with that explanation is that it ignores much more important factors such as the state-sponsored and extensively funded talent identification/development programs in the Soviet Union, along with their pioneering role of heavy “chemical assistance” in sport (other countries did it, of course, but the USSR did it first and probably did it best). The working class, through trade union and other struggles, becomes conscious of itself as an exploited class. The Sumerian King List operates with dynastic regnal eras. After the working class gains class consciousness and mounts a revolution against the capitalists, Marx explained that, since socialism, the first stage of communism, would be “in every respect, economically, morally, and intellectually, still stamped with the birthmarks of the old society from whose womb it emerges”, each worker would naturally expect to be awarded according to the amount of labor he contributes, despite the fact that each worker's ability and family circumstances would differ, so that the results would still be unequal at this stage, although fully supported by social provision. This is one of those periods that shuts down in the year it shuts down because of what comes next (Industrialization and … Is it possible to use the term ‘The conception of a ‘rebirth’ of Classical Latin learning is first credited to the Italian poet Some events or short periods of change have such a drastic effect on the cultures they affect that they form a natural break in history. There is of course a certain logic to ending the chunk in 1877 because of the removal of the military from the south and the political compromise that led to it, but there is an important homage to the past we must make when we challenge it, which is to say there is a reason … The capitalists are forced by competition to attempt to drive down the wages of the working class to increase their profits, and this creates conflict between the classes, and gives rise to the development of class consciousness in the working class. So, for PERIODIZATION= Starts with the fall of the Byzantines (Bye, Rome). The five or six major periods world historians use are In capitalism, the According to Marx, capitalism has critical failings — inner contradictions — which lead to its downfall. (To ensure this section is still helpful – actually proposing a better alternative instead of just shitting on GAS – Several facets of GAS lent theoretical underpinnings for periodization:A training stimulus needed to be big enough to push you into the “resistance” phase of increased performance, but a training stimulus that was too large or (especially) maintained for too long would lead to exhaustion.Because there’s a finite amount of “adaptation energy,” each phase of training should only be devoted to training a single physical characteristic or a narrow range of characteristics.Training load can be progressed over time, as prior exposure to a stressor allows someone to tolerate a larger stressor in the future without experiencing exhaustion.Each of these implications of (a bastardized and massively extrapolated understanding of) GAS has merit, but “because GAS” falls short as a sufficient rationale for uncritical acceptance.It’s true that training too hard can lead to burnout and overtraining, diminished results relative to a slightly lower training load in less extreme circumstances, or excessive required recovery times when dealing with a single training session.It’s also true that training multiple physical characteristics simultaneously may decrease rates of adaptation and increase your risk of overtraining.Finally, while it’s true that prior exposure to a stressor allows you to tolerate larger stressors of the same kind in the future without leading to exhaustion, these adaptations for strength training are again primarily On the surface, GAS seems to bear some degree of resemblance to the way we respond and adapt to training.There are a few assumptions of all periodization models:Your aim in any training program is to perform well at all important competitions, and to attain peak performance at the most important competition/s of the year and/or at the Olympics.It takes less training volume to maintain a particular adaptation than to develop it initially.Training adaptations build upon each other, so the sequence you train them in can dramatically affect your performance at the end of a training cycle.I’m actually not going to argue against any of these assumptions.However, these things play out differently when dealing with different sports.For example, let’s compare powerlifting to a sport like American football.Football will require some base level of aerobic and anaerobic conditioning if you don’t want to be too worn down by the end of the game.The vast majority of other sports will have similar requirements.For most sports, you’re trying to train a lot of physical capacities that can be antagonistic (i.e.